Jules Ferry(1832 — 1893)

This law abolished tuition fees in all French public primary schools, allowing children from poor families to access education. It was the first of Ferry's three major school reform laws.

This law made education compulsory for all children aged 6 to 13 and removed religious instruction from public school curricula. Crucifixes were taken down from classrooms and replaced with republican symbols.

An extension of the 1881–1882 laws, it required all teaching staff in public schools to be secular, gradually excluding religious congregations. It completed the framework of the republican school.

A foundational circular in which Ferry defined the moral mission of schoolteachers: to impart a universal secular morality, with no religious reference. This text remains a landmark of French republican educational philosophy.

A multi-volume collection of his major parliamentary speeches and political writings. Essential for understanding his views on education, secularism, colonialism, and the Republic.

Ferry organized and expanded teacher training schools to form an army of secular schoolteachers, nicknamed 'the black hussars of the Republic'. This infrastructure trained the teachers of French public schools for decades.

Modern society must make up its mind to choose: it must choose between the Church, which holds it through the rising generations, and the school, which alone can regenerate it.

You are the assistants and, in a sense, the substitutes of the head of the family; speak to the child as you would wish someone to speak to your own; with kindness, with gravity, with severity if need be, but above all with that deep conviction that you are performing, in these humble duties, the very work of civilization.

The superior races have a right with regard to the inferior races… they have the duty to civilize the inferior races.

Compulsory primary education is a debt of society to the child; it is also a necessity for the democratic state, which can only sustain itself through enlightened citizens.

Jules Ferry's birthplace in the Vosges, shaped by its proximity to Alsace-Lorraine, which France would lose in 1871. This geographical context nurtured his republican patriotism throughout his life.

It was from this ministry, on Rue de Grenelle in Paris, that Ferry orchestrated his major educational reforms between 1879 and 1883. There he drafted the landmark laws that permanently transformed French schooling.

The venue where Ferry delivered his major parliamentary speeches defending secularism, compulsory schooling, and colonial policy. It was also where he was triumphantly brought down in 1885 following the setbacks in Tonkin.

Ferry served as its mayor during the Siege of Paris (1870–1871), managing a starving city under Prussian bombardment. This traumatic experience forged his inflexible character and his sense of republican duty.

At his own request, Jules Ferry was buried in his hometown, with his grave oriented toward occupied Alsace-Lorraine. This final wish bears witness to his attachment to his homeland and to the memory of the 1871 defeat.