Honoré de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac

1799 — 1850

France

LiteratureÉcrivain(e)19th Century19th century (contemporary period of the French school)

French novelist (1799–1850) and founder of literary realism. He created The Human Comedy, a vast novelistic panorama of French society in the 19th century, comprising more than 90 interconnected works.

Famous Quotes

« Behind every great man, there is a woman who is astonished. »
« The secret of great fortunes with no apparent cause is a forgotten crime, because it was committed cleanly. »

Key Facts

  • 1829: Publication of The Chouans, his first major novel, marking the start of his literary career
  • 1830–1850: Progressive creation of The Human Comedy, a project to systematically depict French society
  • 1831: Publication of The Wild Ass's Skin, a major philosophical and fantastical novel
  • 1833–1841: Period of great productivity with the publication of numerous masterpieces (Eugénie Grandet, Father Goriot, Lost Illusions)
  • 1850: Death in Paris after a life marked by debt and overwork

Works & Achievements

Les Chouans (1829)

The first novel signed 'Honoré de Balzac', it tells the story of the War in the Vendée and marks the author's official entry into literature. It is also the first novel integrated into La Comédie humaine.

La Peau de chagrin (1831)

A fantastical novel in which a young man obtains a magical skin that grants his wishes but shrinks with each desire. This work explores the themes of will, desire, and death.

Eugénie Grandet (1833)

A striking portrait of a provincial miser and his daughter sacrificed to his greed. One of Balzac's most widely read novels, frequently studied in schools for its critique of bourgeois avarice.

Le Père Goriot (1835)

A founding novel of La Comédie humaine, it introduces the device of recurring characters. Goriot, a father sacrificed by his ungrateful daughters, and Rastignac, a young social climber, embody the forces of Parisian society.

Lost Illusions (1837-1843)

A trilogy tracing the rise and fall of a young provincial poet in Paris. It is one of Balzac's most ambitious works on the literary and journalistic world.

A Harlot High and Low (1838-1847)

A sequel to Lost Illusions, this novel follows Lucien de Rubempré and the mysterious Vautrin through the Parisian underworld. A dizzying plunge into crime and corruption.

La Comédie humaine (complete works) (1842)

A novelistic fresco of more than 90 interconnected novels and short stories, featuring over 2,000 recurring characters. Balzac aimed to do for French society what Buffon had done for the animal kingdom.

Anecdotes

Balzac was a compulsive coffee drinker: he consumed up to 50 cups a day to stay awake during his writing nights. He often worked from midnight to noon without interruption, his pen stopping only when the ink ran out or his fingers went numb.

To escape his creditors — for he was riddled with debt his entire life — Balzac frequently changed addresses and used assumed names. He even had a secret exit built into his apartment on rue Raynouard in Passy so he could slip away discreetly.

The idea of linking all his novels into a single cohesive work, which he would call La Comédie humaine, is said to have come to him in 1833. He reportedly told his sister Laure upon entering her home: 'I am becoming a genius!' — convinced he had found the principle that would make him the equal of Walter Scott.

Balzac wore a white monk's habit while writing. He would begin work at midnight by candlelight, and considered this garment his battle uniform against the blank page.

After an eighteen-year correspondence with the Polish countess Ewelina Hańska, Balzac finally married her in March 1850. He died five months later, exhausted, before he could even enjoy the long-awaited marriage.

Primary Sources

Foreword to La Comédie humaine (1842)
French Society was going to be the historian, I needed only to be the secretary. By drawing up the inventory of vices and virtues, by gathering the principal facts of the passions, by painting characters, by choosing the principal events of Society, by composing types through the combination of traits from several homogeneous characters, perhaps I could manage to write the history forgotten by so many historians, that of manners.
Letter to Madame Hańska (Lettres à l'Étrangère) (1833)
I work like a convict; I am chained to my desk like a galley slave to his rowing bench, and I row with the same ardor, toward the same goal: fortune and glory.
Le Père Goriot — incipit (1835)
Madame Vauquer, née de Conflans, is an old woman who, for forty years, has kept in Paris a middle-class boarding house established on the rue Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève, between the Latin Quarter and the faubourg Saint-Marceau.
Letter to his sister Laure Surville (1834)
I shall carry La Comédie humaine as Atlas carried the world, and I shall keep it standing by the sole force of my will.

Key Places

Tours, birthplace

Balzac was born in Tours on May 20, 1799. The Touraine region and its landscapes permeate several of his works, notably Le Lys dans la vallée.

Maison de Balzac, Paris (Passy)

Balzac lived on Rue Raynouard in Passy from 1840 to 1847, writing part of La Comédie humaine there. The house is today a museum dedicated to his life and work.

Pension Vauquer (Latin Quarter, Paris)

The Latin Quarter and its boarding houses are the setting of Père Goriot. Balzac had himself stayed there and was intimately familiar with these student and impoverished circles.

Château de Saché (Indre-et-Loire)

Balzac regularly stayed with his friend M. de Margonne at this château in the Touraine. It was there that he wrote a large part of Père Goriot and Le Lys dans la vallée.

Rue des Grands-Augustins, Paris

In this Left Bank neighborhood, Balzac placed several of his characters and observed Parisian society, which fed his work.

Gallery

Portrait of Honoré de Balzac, bust-length, in brown

Portrait of Honoré de Balzac, bust-length, in brown

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — French School, 19th Century

Eugene Goyet--portrait--Louise Bechet--c-1840--Maison de Balzac

Eugene Goyet--portrait--Louise Bechet--c-1840--Maison de Balzac

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Inconnu


French:  Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), écrivain. title QS:P1476,fr:"Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), écrivain. "label QS:Lfr,"Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1

French: Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), écrivain. title QS:P1476,fr:"Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), écrivain. "label QS:Lfr,"Portrait présumé d'Honoré de Balzac (1

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — anonymous

Rodin Balzac Nasher Dallas 1

Rodin Balzac Nasher Dallas 1

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Sculpture: Auguste Rodin, Photo: Andreas Praefcke

(Albi) Buste de Balzac - Auguste Rodin - 1891-1895 MTL.inv.379

(Albi) Buste de Balzac - Auguste Rodin - 1891-1895 MTL.inv.379

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Didier Descouens

Eindhoven kunstwerk honoré de balzac

Eindhoven kunstwerk honoré de balzac

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Wikifrits

Modern Tendencies in Sculpture (1921) - Fig26

Modern Tendencies in Sculpture (1921) - Fig26

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Lorado Taft, edited by User:Mathmitch7

BalzacHistoricalMystery

BalzacHistoricalMystery

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — Unknown authorUnknown author

BalzacHistoryThirteen01

BalzacHistoryThirteen01

Wikimedia Commons, Public domain — William Boucher


Balzac

Balzac

Wikimedia Commons, CC0 — Auguste Rodin

See also